Phonemic Awareness
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Ability to hear and manipulate individual phonemes. Phonological awareness includes this ability, but it also includes the ability to hear and manipulate larger units of sound, such as onsets and rimes and syllables
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Letter Knowledge
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Ability to apply the most basic level of phonics knowledge - recognition and naming of letter names and sounds
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Decoding
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Ability to apply knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words.
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Encoding - Spelling
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Ability to use the relationship between spelling and pronunciation at the letter, syllable and word level to figure out unfamiliar words.
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Oral Reading Fluency
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Ability to read aloud words with accuracy, proper phrasing and pacing.
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Text Fluency
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Ability to read words quickly, accurately and monitor for meaning while reading.
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Vocabulary
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Ability to understand the meaning of critical words in order to promote reading comprehension.
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Reading Comprehension
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Ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows.
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